{"id":5179,"date":"2025-12-18T16:38:09","date_gmt":"2025-12-18T16:38:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/poduridedor.uslr.md\/?p=5179"},"modified":"2025-12-19T13:25:45","modified_gmt":"2025-12-19T13:25:45","slug":"alexandru-ioan-cuza-si-diplomatia-europeana-autoare-oltea-rascanu-gramaticu-membra-a-uslr","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/poduridedor.uslr.md\/?p=5179","title":{"rendered":"Alexandru IOAN CUZA \u0219i Diploma\u021bia European\u0103. Autoare – Oltea R\u0102\u0218CANU GRAMATICU, membr\u0103 a USLR"},"content":{"rendered":"

Abstract<\/b><\/h3>\n

The re-opening of the \u201coriental problem\u201d, with the Crimean War (1853-1856) enabled also the discussion of the Romanian unity problem. The Paris Convention (7\/19 august 1858) offered the Romanian people only a formal union, unacceptable to the national interest. But the Romanians decided their ow<\/span>n destiny, ig<\/span>noring the decisions of the Great Powers, by choosing Al. I. Cuza as ruler of both Moldavia and Valachia on the 5th and 24th of January 1859. This way, a new policy was established: the policy of the fact already done, to which the Great Powers had to deal during the entire time of Cuza\u2019s reign.<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

After many discussions, the Great Powers\u2019 Conference in Paris recognized Cuza as the ruler of both principalities on September the 6th 1859. The diplomatic actions lasted for 2 years until the Ottoman Empire and the other Great Powers recognized the full union, but only during Cuza\u2019s life. With great efforts, Al. I. Cuza succeeded in introducing the great reforms that were meant to modernize the structure of the Romanian society. On the 11th of February 1866, Cuza was forced to abdicate. His name remains connected to the Union of the Romanian Principalities (1859) and the rise of the autonomy.<\/p>\n

\n

Problema oriental\u0103 \u015fi implicit situa\u0163ia Principatelor Rom\u00e2ne au fost redeschise o dat\u0103 cu r\u0103zboiul ruso-turc (1853-1856), cunoscut sub numele de R\u0103zboiul Crimeei. Anevoiosul drum al diploma\u0163iei europene pentru rezolvarea dorin\u0163ei de unitate a rom\u00e2nilor a \u00eenscris mai multe momente esen\u0163iale: Conferin\u0163a de la Viena (1855), Congresul de Pace de la Paris (1856), Conferin\u0163a de la Paris (1858), dar nu \u00een maniera propus\u0103 de Hot\u0103r\u00e2rile Adun\u0103rilor ad-hoc (noiembrie 1857).<\/p>\n

Pe parcursul confrunt\u0103rilor diplomatice cinci mari puteri vor sprijini dezideratul rom\u00e2nesc: Fran\u0163a, Sardinia, Prusia, Rusia, Anglia; \u00een schimb Austria \u015fi Turcia \u015fi-au exprimat dezacordul. Era evident faptul c\u0103 Marile Puteri tergiversau luarea unei hot\u0103r\u00e2ri clare \u015fi c\u0103utau solu\u0163ionarea decent\u0103 care s\u0103 nu le afecteze interesele. \u00cen aceast\u0103 direc\u0163ie Conven\u0163ia de la Paris (1858) oferea rom\u00e2nilor o unire formal\u0103, inaccesibil\u0103 interesului na\u0163ional. \u00cen noile condi\u0163ii, rom\u00e2nii \u00ee\u015fi vor lua soarta \u00een propriile m\u00e2ini, materializat\u0103 prin dubla alegere a lui Alexandru Ioan Cuza la 5 \u015fi 24 ianuarie 1859.<\/p>\n

Consulul general al Fran\u0163ei la Bucure\u015fti, B\u00e9clard, raporta la 7 februarie 1859: \u201eAlegerea lui Al. Cuza a fost o manifestare cu totul na\u0163ional\u0103… aceast\u0103 manifestare devenise necesar\u0103\u201d. Marile Puteri au considerat actul din 24 ianuarie o \u00eenc\u0103lcare flagrant\u0103 a prevederilor Conven\u0163iei. \u00cen fruntea listei nemul\u0163umi\u0163ilor se afla Imperiul Otoman. Totu\u015fi, la 6 septembrie 1859, Conferin\u0163a de la Paris confirma pe Alexandru Ioan Cuza ca domnitor al Moldovei \u015fi Valahiei, dar numai pe timpul vie\u0163ii sale.<\/p>\n

Rom\u00e2nii cuceriser\u0103 prima redut\u0103, urmau at\u00e2tea altele… Folosind modelul francez, Alexandru Ioan Cuza \u015fi colaboratorii s\u0103i au reu\u015fit s\u0103 transforme Principatele Unite, \u00een doar c\u00e2\u0163iva ani, \u00eentr-un stat modern european. Vizita \u00eentreprins\u0103 la Constantinopol, \u00een septembrie 1860, a constituit un nou pas \u00een demonstrarea largii autonomii. Istoricul american T. W. Riker concluziona c\u0103 \u201ede\u015fi era \u00eenc\u0103 un principe vasal, Alexandru Ioan Cuza ajunsese a avea o \u00eensemn\u0103tate aproape egal\u0103 cu aceea a unui domn neat\u00e2rnat\u201d.<\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 multe dezbateri, Puterile Garante au acceptat Unirea deplin\u0103 (1861), dar la insisten\u0163a Austriei, tot numai pe timpul domniei lui Cuza. La 24 ianuarie 1862 se \u00eentrunea la Bucure\u015fti prima Adunare legislativ\u0103 a statului modern rom\u00e2n. Cuza a acordat o deosebit\u0103 aten\u0163ie politicii externe, \u00eenfiin\u0163\u0103rii de agen\u0163ii diplomatice (Paris, Belgrad) f\u0103r\u0103 avizul Por\u0163ii \u0219i sprijinirii mi\u015fc\u0103rilor de emancipare na\u0163ional\u0103 din Balcani.<\/p>\n

Cea de-a treia etap\u0103 a domniei (1864-1866), cea autoritar\u0103, a fost perioada marilor reforme fundamentale: Statutul dezvolt\u0103tor, Legea rural\u0103, Legea instruc\u0163iunii, Codul penal \u0219i Codul civil. Folosind cu abilitate a\u0219a-zisele capitula\u0163ii, Cuza a reu\u015fit s\u0103 l\u0103rgeasc\u0103 autonomia \u0163\u0103rii. Consulul francez Tillos remarca: \u201ePrin\u0163ul Cuza a realizat Unirea, secularizarea… el vrea s\u0103 realizeze \u015fi independen\u0163a\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u00cen\u0163eleg\u00e2nd c\u0103 soarta Unirii este amenin\u0163at\u0103 prin men\u0163inerea sa la tron (din cauza tensiunilor externe \u0219i interne), Cuza a demonstrat un \u00eenalt patriotism, declar\u00e2nd \u00een 1865 c\u0103 persoana sa \u201enu va fi o \u00eempiedecare la orice eveniment care ar permite de a consolida edificiul politic\u201d. La 11 februarie 1866, \u00een urma unei lovituri de stat, acesta abdic\u0103, l\u0103s\u00e2nd locul unui prin\u021b str\u0103in care s\u0103 asigure stabilitatea \u0219i independen\u021ba.<\/p>\n

Profesorul Gerald J. Bobango (Columbia University) schi\u0163a astfel tr\u0103s\u0103turile domnitorului: \u201eNu avea o \u0163inut\u0103 mar\u0163ial\u0103. Nu putea suferi fastul \u015fi eticheta. Avea farmec personal \u015fi o deosebit\u0103 m\u0103iestrie \u00een stabilirea contactelor personale. Re\u0163inea nume \u015fi detalii din via\u0163a persoanelor pe care le \u00eent\u00e2lnea. Toate acestea \u00eei sporeau puterea \u015fi convingerea, capacitatea de atrac\u0163ie \u015fi i-au \u00eenlesnit dragostea \u015fi sprijinul popula\u0163iei. \u00cen multe alte privin\u0163e, \u00eens\u0103, Cuza s-a format odat\u0103 cu func\u0163ia pe care avea s\u0103 o de\u0163in\u0103\u201d<\/b>.<\/p>\n

\n

NOTE<\/b><\/h3>\n
    \n
  1. \n

    Arh. St. Bucure\u015fti, Colec\u0163ia Microfilme, Austria, rola 272, f. 366-368.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  2. \n

    Ibidem, f. 110-113.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  3. \n

    Ibidem, rola 8 (Minist\u00e8re des Affaires Etrang\u00e8res, Archives Diplomatiques, Corespondance Politique, Turquie – Bucharest, vol. 19, f. 4).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  4. \n

    Ghenadie Petrescu, D. A. Sturdza, Acte \u015fi documente relative la istoria rena\u015fterii Rom\u00e2niei, vol. IX, 1901, p. 244.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  5. \n

    Arh. St. Bucure\u015fti, Colec\u0163ia Microfilme, Anglia, rola 66 (Foreign Office, 78, Turkey, vol. 1441).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  6. \n

    Idem, Anglia, rola 311 (F.O. 195, dosar 623).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  7. \n

    Idem (Archives Diplomatiques, Corespondance Politique, Russie, vol. 218, f. 134).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  8. \n

    Ibidem, f. 144.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  9. \n

    Ibidem, f. 147.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  10. \n

    Ibidem, f. 346.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  11. \n

    Cf. N. Iorga, Cuza Vod\u0103. Mesaje, proclama\u0163ii, r\u0103spunsuri \u015fi scrisori oficiale, 1911.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  12. \n

    Arh. St. Bucure\u015fti, Colec\u0163ia Microfilme, Fran\u0163a, rola 72 (Memoires et documents Roumanie, vol. 3).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  13. \n

    Ibidem, rola 8 (Corespondance Politique, Turquie- Bucharest, vol. 20).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  14. \n

    Ibidem, rola 264 (C. P. C. Turquie, vol. 345, f. 182-184).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  15. \n

    T.W. Riker, Cum s-a \u00eenf\u0103ptuit Rom\u00e2nia. Studiul unei probleme interna\u0163ionale, 1856-1866, Bucure\u015fti, 1940, p. 333.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  16. \n

    Arh. St. Bucure\u015fti, rola 265 (C.P. Turquie, vol. 349).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  17. \n

    N. Corivan, Lupta pentru des\u0103v\u00e2r\u015firea Unirii, \u00een \u201eStudii \u015fi cercet\u0103ri \u015ftiin\u0163ifice. Istorie\u201d, Ia\u015fi, X (1959).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  18. \n

    Arh. St. Bucure\u015fti, rola 66 (Archives Diplomatiques, C.P. Russie, vol. 224).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  19. \n

    Idem, rola 43 (C. P. C Turquie, Iassy, vol. 10).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  20. \n

    D. Iv\u0103nescu, Situa\u0163ia politic\u0103 a Principatelor…, \u00een Anuarul Inst. \u201eAl. Xenopol\u201d, Ia\u015fi, vol. XXXI, 1994.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  21. \n

    Idem, Alexandru Ioan Cuza \u00een con\u015ftiin\u0163a posterit\u0103\u0163ii, Editura Junimea, Ia\u015fi, 2001, p. 105.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  22. \n

    Ibidem, p. 102-103.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  23. \n

    Protocoalele \u015eedin\u0163elor Adun\u0103rii Legislative, 1861-1868, Supliment la \u201eMonitorul Oficial\u201d, nr. 269.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  24. \n

    Arh. St. Bucure\u015fti, Fran\u0163a, rola 43 (C.P.C. Turquie, Iassy, vol. 10).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  25. \n

    Ibidem, rola 9 (C.P. Turquie-Bucharest, vol. 22).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  26. \n

    Ibidem, Fran\u0163a, rola 72 (Archives diplomatiques. M\u00e9moires et documents, Roumanie, vol. I).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  27. \n

    Leonid Boicu, Cuza Vod\u0103 fa\u0163\u0103 de lupta popoarelor pentru emancipare…, \u00een Cuza Vod\u0103. In memoriam, Ia\u015fi, 1973.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  28. \n

    C.C. Giurescu, Via\u0163a \u015fi opera lui Cuza Vod\u0103, Bucure\u015fti, 1960, p. 163.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  29. \n

    T.W. Riker, op. cit., f. 458.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  30. \n

    Ibidem, f. 519.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  31. \n

    Cf. D. Iv\u0103nescu, op. cit., p. 136.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  32. \n

    Arh. St. Bucure\u015fti, rola 11 (C.P.C. Turquie-Bucharest, vol. 25).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  33. \n

    Independen\u0163a Rom\u00e2niei. Documente, vol. II, partea I-a, Bucure\u015fti, 1977, p. 35-36.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  34. \n

    D. Fotino, Reprezentan\u0163a Rom\u00e2niei la Washington, 1967; P. Cernovodeanu, Imaginea Lumii Noi…, 1977.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  35. \n

    Arh. St. Bucure\u015fti, Fran\u0163a, rola 126 (C. P. C. Turquie-Bucharest, vol. 10).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  36. \n

    Ibidem, rola 47, c. 58-60.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  37. \n

    Ibidem, rola 126 (C.P.C. Turquie-Bucharest, vol. 10, f. 429-433).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  38. \n

    N. Iorga, R\u0103zboiul pentru independen\u0163a Rom\u00e2niei, Bucure\u015fti, 1927, p. 17.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  39. \n

    C.C. Giurescu, op. cit., p. 340.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  40. \n

    Arh. St. Bucure\u015fti, Fran\u0163a, rola 11 (C.P.C. Turquie-Bucharest, vol. 26).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  41. \n

    \u201eMonitorul\u201d, din 11 noiembrie 1865.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  42. \n

    Arh. St. Bucure\u015fti, Fran\u0163a, rola 11 (C.P.C. Turquie-Bucharest, vol. 26, f. 323-326).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  43. \n

    Ibidem.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  44. \n

    C. C. Giurescu, op. cit., p. 361.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  45. \n

    Gerard J. Bobango, The Emergence of the Romanian National State, Columbia University Press, New York, 1979, p. 301.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Genial \u0219i periculos de patriot: redescoperi\u021bi \u00een paginile noastre povestea liderului care a refuzat s\u0103 fie un simplu \u00abmusafir\u00bb pe tron \u0219i a pus marile puteri \u00een fa\u021ba faptului \u00eemplinit. Un articol de colec\u021bie recuperat din arhiva Poduri de Dor, care dezv\u0103luie jocurile de culise din spatele celei mai mari victorii diplomatice rom\u00e2ne\u0219ti.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5181,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5179","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/poduridedor.uslr.md\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5179","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/poduridedor.uslr.md\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/poduridedor.uslr.md\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/poduridedor.uslr.md\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/poduridedor.uslr.md\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5179"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/poduridedor.uslr.md\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5179\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5188,"href":"https:\/\/poduridedor.uslr.md\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5179\/revisions\/5188"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/poduridedor.uslr.md\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/5181"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/poduridedor.uslr.md\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5179"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/poduridedor.uslr.md\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5179"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/poduridedor.uslr.md\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5179"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}